The Complete Aromatherapist's Guide to Flower Varieties
Flowers represent the pinnacle of aromatic plant medicine, offering profound therapeutic benefits for physical, emotional, and spiritual wellbeing. Throughout human history, flowers have been revered not only for their beauty but for their healing properties. In aromatherapy, floral essences work on multiple levels—their complex chemistry addresses physical ailments while their subtle energetics touch the deepest emotional patterns.
This florist guide explores over 40 flower varieties used in aromatherapy, detailing their extraction methods, chemical profiles, therapeutic applications, safety considerations, and traditional uses. Whether you're a practicing aromatherapist, herbalist, or passionate enthusiast, this guide provides the depth of knowledge needed to work safely and effectively with these precious botanical allies.
Understanding Floral Essential Oils vs. Absolutes
Essential Oils are produced through steam or water distillation, yielding volatile aromatic compounds without the use of solvents. They are typically lighter and more volatile.
Absolutes are produced through solvent extraction (usually hexane), which captures heavier aromatic molecules that would be destroyed by heat. The solvent is then removed, leaving a highly concentrated aromatic extract. Absolutes are often more true to the living flower's scent.
CO2 Extracts use carbon dioxide under pressure to extract aromatic compounds. This method preserves heat-sensitive constituents and produces extracts similar to absolutes but without solvent residues.
The Rose Family
Rose Otto (Rosa damascena)
Extraction Method: Steam distillation from fresh petals
Aroma Profile: Deeply sweet, rich, honey-like with green undertones and remarkable complexity. The scent unfolds in layers, revealing spicy, woody, and nectar-like notes.
Origin: Bulgaria (Kazanlak Valley), Turkey, Iran, Morocco
Key Chemical Components:
Citronellol (22-32%)
Geraniol (15-22%)
Nerol (8-12%)
Phenylethyl alcohol (2-3%)
Farnesol, eugenol (trace amounts)
Therapeutic Properties:
Antidepressant and emotionally uplifting
Aphrodisiac and hormone regulating (especially for women)
Anti-inflammatory and astringent
Cicatrisant (promotes cellular regeneration)
Hemostatic (stops bleeding)
Antiviral and antibacterial
Liver and gallbladder tonic
Cardiotonic (strengthens heart function)
Emotional/Energetic Properties: Rose works profoundly on the heart chakra, facilitating emotional healing after grief, loss, trauma, or heartbreak. It opens the heart to give and receive love, releases emotional rigidity, and addresses feelings of unworthiness. Rose helps integrate shadow aspects and brings gentle self-compassion.
Physical Applications:
Mature, dry, or sensitive skin—deeply regenerative
Broken capillaries and rosacea
Scarring and skin damage
Reproductive system issues: irregular menses, PMS, menopausal symptoms
Liver congestion and sluggish digestion
Nervous tension headaches
Palpitations and high blood pressure
Psychological Applications:
Grief and bereavement
Depression with feelings of unworthiness
Anxiety with heart palpitations
Emotional shock or trauma
Difficulty expressing love or receiving affection
Sexual difficulties rooted in emotional causes
Blending Notes: Middle to base note; blends beautifully with jasmine, sandalwood, neroli, bergamot, clary sage, geranium, ylang ylang, frankincense, and citrus oils.
Dilution: 1-3% for facial applications, 2-5% for body work, 1% for emotional support
Dosage: 2-4 drops in diffuser; 1-2 drops in 10ml carrier for facial serums
Safety: Very safe. Rare skin sensitivity possible. Generally safe during pregnancy in low dilutions (1-2%), though some sources recommend avoidance in first trimester.
Sustainability Note: Requires approximately 60 roses to produce a single drop of essential oil. Always source from ethical suppliers.
Adulteration Alert: Rose otto is frequently adulterated with geranium, palmarosa, or synthetic geraniol. Purchase only from reputable suppliers with GC/MS testing.
Rose Absolute (Rosa centifolia, Rosa damascena)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction (hexane) from fresh petals
Aroma Profile: Richer, sweeter, and more true-to-flower than rose otto. Deeper, more tenacious, with powerful honey and jammy-rose notes.
Origin: Morocco, Egypt, France (Grasse), Turkey
Key Chemical Components:
Phenylethyl alcohol (60-70%)
Citronellol (10-15%)
Geraniol (5-10%)
Nerol, farnesol, eugenol
Therapeutic Properties: Similar to rose otto but often preferred for perfumery and emotional work due to its fuller, more authentic rose aroma.
Emotional Applications: Even more powerful than rose otto for deep emotional healing. The absolute captures the full essence of the flower, making it particularly effective for trauma work and heart healing.
Physical Applications: Similar to rose otto but used more sparingly due to potency. Excellent in perfume blends and spiritual anointing oils.
Dilution: 0.5-2%; extremely potent
Safety: Solvent-extracted absolutes contain trace amounts of hexane (typically less than 10 ppm). While generally considered safe, some purists prefer steam-distilled oils. Not recommended during pregnancy.
Cost Consideration: Slightly less expensive than rose otto but still one of the most precious essential oils, costing $100-300+ per 5ml.
Rose Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens var. roseum)
Extraction Method: Steam distillation
Aroma Profile: Rose-like with fresh, minty-green, herbaceous undertones. Lighter and brighter than true rose.
Origin: Egypt, South Africa, Reunion Island, China
Key Chemical Components:
Citronellol (20-30%)
Geraniol (15-20%)
Linalool (8-15%)
Geranyl formate
Isomenthone
Therapeutic Properties:
Hormone balancing (particularly estrogen-related)
Astringent and toning
Anti-inflammatory
Antifungal and antibacterial
Lymphatic decongestant
Mood balancing
Adrenal support
Physical Applications:
Hormonal imbalances: PMS, menopause, PCOS
Oily, combination, or acne-prone skin
Cellulite and fluid retention
Breast tenderness
Fungal infections (athlete's foot, candida)
Lymphatic congestion
Adrenal fatigue
Emotional Applications:
Emotional swings related to hormones
Stress and burnout
Irritability and mood instability
Anxiety with hormonal component
Blending: Middle note; blends well with lavender, clary sage, bergamot, rose, neroli, sandalwood, and citrus oils.
Dilution: 2-5% for body; 1-3% for facial
Safety: Generally safe. May affect hormone-sensitive conditions (endometriosis, hormone-dependent cancers). Use caution during pregnancy.
The Lavender Family
True Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
Extraction Method: Steam distillation
Aroma Profile: Fresh, clean, herbaceous-floral with sweet undertones; classic lavender scent
Origin: France (Haute-Provence), Bulgaria, England, Tasmania
Key Chemical Components:
Linalyl acetate (30-40%)
Linalool (25-35%)
Lavandulyl acetate (2-5%)
Camphor (less than 1%)
1,8-cineole (less than 2%)
Therapeutic Properties:
Powerful sedative and nervous system relaxant
Analgesic (pain-relieving)
Anti-inflammatory
Antiseptic and antimicrobial
Antispasmodic
Cicatrisant (wound-healing)
Hypotensive (lowers blood pressure)
Anticonvulsant
Physical Applications:
Insomnia and sleep disturbances
Anxiety and nervous tension
Burns, wounds, cuts (can be used neat)
Headaches and migraines
Muscle aches and spasms
Eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis
High blood pressure
Respiratory infections
Emotional Applications:
Anxiety and panic attacks
Stress-related conditions
Nervous exhaustion
Emotional overwhelm
Anger and irritability
Restlessness
Blending: Middle note; universally compatible—blends with virtually all essential oils
Dilution: 2-5% general use; can be used neat (undiluted) in small amounts for burns and bites
Safety: One of the safest essential oils. Suitable for children (over 3 months), elderly, and during pregnancy. Some studies suggest potential endocrine-disrupting effects in pre-pubertal boys with frequent, concentrated use, though this is debated.
Quality Note: True lavender (L. angustifolia) is superior therapeutically to lavandin or spike lavender. Always verify botanical name.
Lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia)
Extraction Method: Steam distillation
Aroma Profile: Sharper, more camphoraceous than true lavender; herbaceous and penetrating
Origin: France, Spain
Key Chemical Components:
Linalool (25-35%)
Linalyl acetate (20-30%)
Camphor (6-8%)
1,8-cineole (4-8%)
Therapeutic Properties:
Expectorant and mucolytic
Analgesic (stronger than true lavender)
Anti-inflammatory
Antimicrobial
Antifungal
Applications: Better for respiratory issues, muscle pain, and as a room disinfectant. Less appropriate for sleep or emotional issues than true lavender.
Dilution: 2-5%
Safety: Higher camphor content makes it less suitable for young children, pregnancy, and epilepsy. More stimulating than true lavender.
Spike Lavender (Lavandula latifolia)
Extraction Method: Steam distillation
Aroma Profile: Very camphoraceous, medicinal, sharp; least floral of the lavenders
Origin: Spain, France
Key Chemical Components:
1,8-cineole (25-35%)
Linalool (35-45%)
Camphor (10-15%)
Therapeutic Properties:
Strong expectorant
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory
Antifungal
Wound-healing (especially for infected wounds)
Applications: Respiratory infections, fungal infections, infected wounds, severe muscle pain. Not suitable for relaxation or sleep.
Dilution: 2-4%
Safety: High camphor and cineole content—avoid during pregnancy, with young children, and epilepsy.
The Chamomile Family
Roman Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis/Chamaemelum nobile)
Extraction Method: Steam distillation
Aroma Profile: Sweet, apple-like, fruity-herbaceous, warm
Origin: England, France, Belgium, Hungary
Key Chemical Components:
Esters (up to 85%): isobutyl angelate, isoamyl angelate
Pinocarvone
Chamazulene (trace amounts)
Therapeutic Properties:
Powerful anti-inflammatory
Antispasmodic (especially digestive and menstrual)
Sedative and calming
Analgesic (particularly for nerve pain)
Antipruritic (anti-itch)
Febrifuge (fever-reducing)
Emmenagogue (stimulates menstruation)
Physical Applications:
Eczema, dermatitis, psoriasis
Teething pain in children
Digestive upset: nausea, colic, IBS
Menstrual cramps and PMS
Allergic reactions and hay fever
Nerve pain (neuralgia)
Insomnia and restlessness
Fever in children
Emotional Applications:
Anxiety and irritability (especially in children)
Anger and impatience
Hypersensitivity and feeling overwhelmed
Difficulty letting go of control
Nervous exhaustion
Blending: Middle note; blends well with lavender, clary sage, geranium, rose, neroli, benzoin, and citrus oils
Dilution: 1-3%; very potent despite gentle action
Safety: Very safe, including for children over 3 months. Rare allergic reactions in those sensitive to Asteraceae family (ragweed, chrysanthemums). Avoid in early pregnancy due to emmenagogue properties.
Clinical Note: Particularly effective for conditions with both inflammatory and nervous system components.
German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla/Matricaria recutita)
Extraction Method: Steam distillation
Aroma Profile: Warm, herbaceous, tobacco-like, slightly sweet; less pleasant than Roman chamomile
Origin: Egypt, Hungary, Germany, France
Key Chemical Components:
Chamazulene (up to 15%—formed during distillation, gives oil its deep blue color)
Bisabolol oxides A & B (20-40%)
Farnesene
Spiroethers
Therapeutic Properties:
Extremely anti-inflammatory
Antihistamine and anti-allergenic
Vulnerary (wound-healing)
Analgesic
Digestive anti-inflammatory
Antiulcer
Hepatoprotective (liver-protective)
Physical Applications:
Inflammatory skin conditions: severe eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis
Allergic reactions and hives
Inflammatory digestive conditions: gastritis, ulcers, colitis
Arthritis and rheumatic pain
Burns and radiation burns
Wounds and skin infections
Menstrual inflammation
Emotional Applications:
Similar to Roman chamomile but used more for physical inflammation
Blending: Middle note; blends with lavender, rose, neroli, geranium, clary sage, and ylang ylang
Dilution: 1-2%; extremely concentrated and expensive
Safety: Very safe. Possible allergic reaction in ragweed-sensitive individuals. The blue color can stain fabrics.
Cost Note: One of the more expensive essential oils due to low yield and high demand.
Comparison: German chamomile is preferred for severe physical inflammation; Roman chamomile for emotional/nervous conditions and children.
Moroccan Chamomile (Ormenis multicaulis/Ormenis mixta)
Extraction Method: Steam distillation
Aroma Profile: Fresh, herbaceous, camphoraceous; quite different from Roman or German chamomile
Origin: Morocco, Spain
Key Chemical Components:
Santolina alcohol
Yomogi alcohol
1,8-cineole
Camphor
Therapeutic Properties:
Hepatic and digestive tonic
Anti-inflammatory (less than German or Roman)
Nervous system sedative
Antispasmodic
Applications: Liver support, digestive issues, nervous tension. Less commonly used than other chamomiles.
Dilution: 2-4%
Safety: Generally safe but less data available than other chamomiles.
The Jasmine Family
Jasmine Absolute (Jasminum grandiflorum)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction from fresh flowers picked at night
Aroma Profile: Intensely sweet, rich, warm, exotic, intoxicating; considered the "King of Flowers"
Origin: India, Egypt, Morocco, France (Grasse), Italy
Key Chemical Components:
Benzyl acetate (20-30%)
Linalool (5-10%)
Benzyl benzoate
Phytol
Indole (gives animalic note)
Methyl anthranilate
Therapeutic Properties:
Antidepressant and euphoric
Aphrodisiac
Uterine tonic and parturient (assists childbirth)
Antispasmodic
Galactagogue (promotes milk flow)
Cicatrisant
Nervine tonic
Physical Applications:
Labor support (contractions and pain)
Postpartum depression
Low libido and frigidity
Uterine spasms and painful periods
Dry, sensitive, or mature skin
Muscle spasms
Respiratory spasms (laryngitis, chronic cough)
Emotional/Energetic Applications:
Depression, especially with loss of joy
Low self-esteem and lack of confidence
Apathy and emotional coldness
Fear of intimacy
Creative blocks
Spiritual disconnection
Emotional rigidity
Blending: Base note; blends beautifully with rose, neroli, sandalwood, ylang ylang, bergamot, clary sage, and geranium
Dilution: 0.5-1% for emotional work; 1-2% for physical applications
Safety: Avoid during pregnancy until labor. May cause headaches in sensitive individuals. Potential skin sensitization.
Traditional Use: In Ayurvedic medicine, jasmine is cooling and calming to Pitta dosha. In traditional Chinese medicine, it's used to move stagnant liver qi.
Sustainability: Flowers must be picked at night when fragrance is strongest. Requires 8,000 flowers per kilogram of absolute.
Jasmine Sambac Absolute (Jasminum sambac)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction
Aroma Profile: Similar to J. grandiflorum but slightly greener, fresher, with tea-like notes; less indolic
Origin: India, China, Philippines
Key Chemical Components: Similar to J. grandiflorum with variations in benzyl acetate and linalool ratios
Therapeutic Properties: Similar to J. grandiflorum
Applications: Often preferred in perfumery; used similarly in aromatherapy. Associated with sacred rituals in Hindu and Buddhist traditions.
Cultural Significance: The national flower of the Philippines (sampaguita) and Indonesia. Used in religious ceremonies and jasmine tea.
Dilution: 0.5-1%
Safety: Same as J. grandiflorum
The Neroli and Orange Blossom Family
Neroli (Citrus aurantium var. amara)
Extraction Method: Steam distillation of bitter orange blossoms
Aroma Profile: Exquisite, delicate, sweet, citrus-floral, ethereal, green; one of the finest aromatics
Origin: Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, France, Italy
Key Chemical Components:
Linalool (30-40%)
Limonene (15-25%)
Linalyl acetate (5-12%)
Nerolidol (2-4%)
Beta-pinene, alpha-terpineol
Therapeutic Properties:
Powerful anti-anxiety and anti-panic
Antidepressant
Nervine tonic
Antispasmodic
Aphrodisiac
Cardiotonic (strengthens heart)
Regenerative for skin cells
Hypotensive
Physical Applications:
Cardiac arrhythmias and palpitations
High blood pressure (especially stress-related)
Chronic diarrhea (nervous origin)
Mature, dry, or sensitive skin
Scarring and stretch marks
Broken capillaries
Insomnia with racing thoughts
Emotional/Energetic Applications:
Panic attacks and acute anxiety
Shock and trauma
Nervous exhaustion and burnout
Depression with anxiety
Fear of abandonment
Emotional hypersensitivity
Grief with anxiety
Pre-exam or performance anxiety
Blending: Middle to top note; blends exquisitely with rose, jasmine, lavender, chamomile, sandalwood, frankincense, and citrus oils
Dilution: 1-3% for emotional work; 2-4% for skin care
Safety: Very safe. Non-phototoxic (unlike most citrus oils). Safe during pregnancy. One of the gentlest essential oils.
Historical Note: Named after Princess Nerola of Italy who used it to perfume her gloves and bath water in the 17th century.
Cost: One of the most expensive essential oils, requiring 1,000 pounds of blossoms for 1 pound of oil. Expect $80-200+ per 5ml.
Orange Blossom Absolute (Citrus aurantium)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction of bitter orange blossoms
Aroma Profile: Richer, sweeter, more honey-like than neroli; fuller and more true-to-flower
Origin: Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt
Key Chemical Components: Similar to neroli but with higher concentration of heavier molecules captured by solvent extraction
Therapeutic Properties: Similar to neroli but often preferred for deep emotional work due to fuller aroma
Applications: Particularly powerful for trauma, shock, and emotional healing. More sedative than neroli. Luxury skincare and perfumery.
Dilution: 0.5-2%
Safety: Similar to neroli but contains solvent traces. Some practitioners prefer neroli for therapeutic use.
Petitgrain (Citrus aurantium var. amara)
Extraction Method: Steam distillation of leaves and twigs from bitter orange tree
Aroma Profile: Fresh, floral-woody, herbaceous; reminiscent of neroli but greener and less refined
Origin: Paraguay, France, Tunisia, Egypt
Key Chemical Components:
Linalyl acetate (45-55%)
Linalool (25-35%)
Alpha-terpineol, geranyl acetate
Therapeutic Properties:
Antidepressant and uplifting
Antispasmodic
Antiseptic
Deodorant
Nervous system sedative
Balances sebum production
Applications:
Nervous exhaustion and burnout
Mild depression
Stress-related digestive issues
Oily skin and acne
Muscle spasms
Room freshener and deodorant
Blending: Top to middle note; good budget alternative to neroli for some applications
Dilution: 2-5%
Safety: Very safe. Non-phototoxic.
Budget Note: Much more affordable than neroli while offering some similar benefits, making it accessible for daily use.
The Ylang Ylang Family
Ylang Ylang Extra (Cananga odorata)
Extraction Method: Steam distillation, first fraction (most precious)
Aroma Profile: Intensely sweet, exotic, floral, heavy, with jasmine and banana notes; can be overwhelming
Origin: Madagascar, Comoros Islands, Philippines, Indonesia
Key Chemical Components:
Linalool (10-15%)
Germacrene-D (15-25%)
Beta-caryophyllene (10-15%)
Benzyl acetate (7-12%)
Methyl benzoate, geranyl acetate
Therapeutic Properties:
Hypotensive (significantly lowers blood pressure)
Sedative and antidepressant
Aphrodisiac
Antispasmodic
Nervine tonic
Antiseborrheic (balances oil production)
Antidiabetic properties (recent research)
Physical Applications:
High blood pressure
Rapid heartbeat and palpitations
Tachycardia
Muscle spasms and cramping
Oily skin and scalp
Hair loss (stimulates scalp)
Dry skin (in low dilutions)
Emotional Applications:
Anxiety with rapid heartbeat
Panic attacks
Depression and apathy
Anger and frustration
Low libido
Shock
Insomnia with tension
Blending: Base note; blends with jasmine, rose, sandalwood, vetiver, bergamot, grapefruit, and lavender. Use sparingly as it can dominate blends.
Dilution: 1-3%; overuse causes headaches and nausea
Safety: Avoid with low blood pressure. May cause headaches, nausea, or skin sensitivity in high concentrations or prolonged use. Generally safe during pregnancy in low dilutions. Can cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.
Fractionation: Ylang ylang is distilled in fractions:
Extra: First fraction, finest, most floral, most expensive
I, II, III: Successive fractions, increasingly woody and less refined
Complete: All fractions combined, most commonly used therapeutically
Application Technique: Because it's so potent, start with minimal amounts (1 drop in 30ml carrier) and increase gradually.
The Helichrysum Family
Helichrysum/Immortelle (Helichrysum italicum)
Extraction Method: Steam distillation
Aroma Profile: Warm, honey-like, hay-like, herbaceous with curry and maple syrup notes; unique and distinctive
Origin: Corsica, Italy, Bosnia, Spain
Key Chemical Components:
Neryl acetate (20-40%)
Italidiones I, II, III (5-20%)
Gamma-curcumene
Alpha-pinene, limonene
Therapeutic Properties:
Powerful anti-hematoma (disperses bruises)
Exceptional cicatrisant (heals scars)
Tissue regenerator
Anti-inflammatory
Anticoagulant
Mucolytic (thins mucus)
Hepatic decongestant
Antispasmodic
Physical Applications:
Bruising and hematomas (the best oil)
Scar tissue (old and new)
Post-surgical healing
Mature, aging skin
Varicose veins and poor circulation
Arthritis and rheumatism
Liver and spleen congestion
Respiratory congestion
Wounds and cuts
Emotional/Energetic Applications:
Emotional trauma and shock (especially old patterns)
Inability to let go of past hurts
Scarring from emotional wounds
Grief and loss
PTSD
Bitterness and resentment
Blending: Middle to base note; blends well with rose, lavender, geranium, chamomile, frankincense, and citrus oils
Dilution: 2-5%; can be used neat on bruises
Safety: Very safe. Possible anticoagulant effects—use caution with blood-thinning medications. Avoid before surgery.
Application for Bruises: Apply undiluted or in 50% dilution immediately after injury and reapply several times daily. Dramatically reduces bruising and healing time.
Cost: Premium oil, $50-150+ per 5ml, but a little goes a long way.
Sustainability: Wild-harvested and cultivated. Ensure sustainable sourcing.
Helichrysum Gymnocephalum (Helichrysum gymnocephalum)
Extraction Method: Steam distillation
Aroma Profile: Fresh, eucalyptus-like, camphoraceous; very different from H. italicum
Origin: Madagascar
Key Chemical Components:
1,8-cineole (40-60%)
Beta-pinene
Limonene
Therapeutic Properties:
Strong expectorant
Mucolytic
Antiviral and antibacterial
Anti-inflammatory (respiratory)
Applications: Respiratory infections, bronchitis, sinusitis. Used very differently from H. italicum.
Dilution: 2-4%
Safety: High cineole content—avoid with young children and during pregnancy.
The Magnolia and Champaca Family
Magnolia (Michelia alba/Magnolia denudata)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction (absolute)
Aroma Profile: Sweet, delicate, floral, slightly fruity; elegant and uplifting
Origin: China, Southeast Asia
Key Chemical Components: Linalool, phenylethyl alcohol, indole, beta-caryophyllene
Therapeutic Properties:
Antidepressant
Anxiolytic (anti-anxiety)
Respiratory support
Anti-inflammatory
Spiritual opening
Applications:
Anxiety and stress
Depression
Respiratory issues
Spiritual practices and meditation
Emotional opening
Cultural Significance: Sacred in Chinese and Buddhist traditions, symbolizing purity and feminine energy.
Dilution: 1-2%
Safety: Generally safe; limited safety data available
Champaca (Michelia champaca)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction (absolute)
Aroma Profile: Rich, exotic, floral, warm, spicy; more complex than magnolia
Origin: India, Indonesia, Philippines
Key Chemical Components: Linalool, eugenol, methyl eugenol, benzyl benzoate
Therapeutic Properties:
Antidepressant and euphoric
Aphrodisiac
Anti-inflammatory
Spiritually uplifting
Nervine tonic
Applications:
Depression and grief
Spiritual practices
Emotional coldness
Low libido
Meditation and prayer
Traditional Use: Sacred flower in Hinduism and Buddhism, offered in temples and used in religious ceremonies.
Dilution: 1-2%
Safety: Generally safe; may cause sensitivity in some individuals
The Lotus Family
Lotus Absolute (Nelumbo nucifera)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction (rare and expensive)
Aroma Profile: Sweet, delicate, exotic, ethereal, sacred; one of the most exquisite aromas
Origin: India, China, Thailand
Key Chemical Components: Limited data due to rarity; contains linalool, phenylethyl alcohol, and various esters
Therapeutic Properties:
Spiritual opening and enlightenment
Aphrodisiac
Nervine tonic
Antidepressant
Meditative support
Applications:
Primarily spiritual and meditative practices
Depression with spiritual disconnection
Heart opening
Crown chakra work
Luxury perfumery
Cultural/Spiritual Significance:
Buddhism: Symbol of enlightenment, purity arising from mud
Hinduism: Associated with Lakshmi (prosperity) and Brahma (creation)
Ancient Egypt: Symbol of rebirth and the sun
Dilution: 0.5-1%
Safety: Very limited safety data due to rarity. Generally considered safe.
Cost and Availability: Extremely rare and expensive ($200-500+ per ml), often adulterated. True lotus absolute is nearly impossible to find.
Blue Lotus Absolute (Nymphaea caerulea)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction
Aroma Profile: Sweet, slightly fruity, green, aquatic; different from white lotus
Origin: Egypt (historically), now various cultivation sites
Key Chemical Components: Aporphine alkaloids, nuciferine (in flower but minimal in essential oil)
Therapeutic Properties:
Mild euphoric
Aphrodisiac
Relaxant
Spiritual opening
Applications:
Meditation and spiritual work
Anxiety
Sexual issues
Perfumery
Historical Note: Sacred to ancient Egyptians, used in ceremonies and possibly as a mild entheogen. Depicted in tomb paintings and art.
Dilution: 1-2%
Safety: Limited safety data; potentially contains psychoactive compounds
The Tuberose and Night-Blooming Flowers
Tuberose Absolute (Polianthes tuberosa)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction
Aroma Profile: Intensely sweet, creamy, narcotic, heady, intoxicating; one of the most powerful florals
Origin: India, Morocco, Egypt, France
Key Chemical Components:
Methyl benzoate
Benzyl alcohol
Eugenol
Methyl eugenol
Nerol
Therapeutic Properties:
Powerful sedative and hypnotic
Aphrodisiac
Antispasmodic
Nervine
Deeply relaxing
Physical Applications:
Severe insomnia
Muscle tension and spasms
Stress-related conditions
As an aphrodisiac
Emotional/Energetic Applications:
Extreme stress and overwhelm
Inability to relax
Fear and anxiety (especially at night)
Sexual inhibition and coldness
Emotional rigidity
Overactive mind preventing rest
Blending: Base note; use extremely sparingly. Blends with jasmine, rose, sandalwood, ylang ylang, and neroli, though it can easily dominate.
Dilution: 0.5-1%; extraordinarily potent
Safety: Very sedating—avoid before driving or operating machinery. May cause headaches in sensitive individuals. Avoid during pregnancy. Can cause nausea if overused.
Application Warning: Start with a single drop in large amounts of carrier. The scent is so powerful it can cause adverse reactions if overused.
Cost: Very expensive due to labor-intensive harvest; flowers must be picked at night when fragrance is strongest.
Night Jasmine/Raat Rani (Cestrum nocturnum)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction (absolute)
Aroma Profile: Sweet, heady, night-blooming floral; intensely fragrant
Origin: India, tropical regions
Therapeutic Properties:
Sedative
Nervine
Aphrodisiac
Applications: Primarily perfumery; limited therapeutic use. Used traditionally in India for insomnia and anxiety.
Dilution: 0.5-1%
Safety: Limited safety data; use cautiously
The Frangipani and Tropical Flowers
Frangipani/Plumeria Absolute (Plumeria alba, Plumeria rubra)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction
Aroma Profile: Sweet, creamy, tropical, exotic with peachy undertones; reminiscent of tropical paradise
Origin: India, Indonesia, Hawaii, Caribbean
Key Chemical Components: Benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, farnesol, phenylethyl alcohol
Therapeutic Properties:
Aphrodisiac
Antidepressant
Anti-inflammatory
Spiritually uplifting
Skin healing
Applications:
Depression and sadness
Low confidence and self-esteem
Spiritual disconnection
Dry or mature skin
Emotional coldness
Perfumery and anointing oils
Cultural Significance:
Hawaii: Used in leis, symbol of hospitality
India: Temple flower, offerings to deities
Bali: Used in ceremonies and offerings
Dilution: 1-2%
Safety: May cause skin sensitivity in some individuals. Generally safe.
Energetic Properties: Associated with beauty, charm, and grace. Opens the heart and enhances self-love.
Tiare/Gardenia Tahitensis (Gardenia taitensis)
Extraction Method: Traditionally infused in coconut oil (monoi oil); absolute rare
Aroma Profile: Sweet, exotic, coconut-like, tropical, sensual
Origin: Tahiti, Polynesia
Therapeutic Properties:
Skin moisturizing
Aphrodisiac
Uplifting
Anti-inflammatory (infused oil)
Applications:
Dry skin and hair
Massage oil
Perfumery
Emotional uplift
Traditional Use: Monoi oil (tiare flowers infused in coconut oil) has been used for centuries in Polynesia for skin, hair, and spiritual practices.
Dilution: If using absolute: 1-2%; Monoi oil can be used neat
Safety: Generally very safe
The Osmanthus and Asian Flowers
Osmanthus Absolute (Osmanthus fragrans)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction
Aroma Profile: Apricot-like, fruity-floral, peachy, sweet, delicate; distinctive and precious
Origin: China, Japan
Key Chemical Components: Linalool, gamma-decalactone (apricot note), beta-ionone, dihydro-beta-ionone
Therapeutic Properties:
Mood-elevating and antidepressant
Respiratory support
Skin toning and rejuvenating
Aphrodisiac
Emotionally opening
Applications:
Depression and grief
Respiratory issues (bronchitis, coughs)
Skin aging and dullness
Emotional blockages
Perfumery
Tea scenting (traditional use)
Cultural Significance: Highly valued in Chinese culture, symbolizing romance, love, and fertility. Used in osmanthus wine and tea.
Blending: Middle to base note; blends beautifully with rose, neroli, jasmine, sandalwood, and citrus
Dilution: 0.5-1%; very expensive and potent
Safety: Generally safe; rare skin sensitivity
Cost: Very expensive ($150-400+ per 5ml) due to rarity and labor-intensive harvest
Boronia Absolute (Boronia megastigma)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction
Aroma Profile: Intensely fruity, violet-like, tea-like, complex; one of the most exquisite florals
Origin: Australia (Tasmania primarily)
Key Chemical Components: Beta-ionone, dodecanol, alpha-ionone
Therapeutic Properties:
Antidepressant
Nervine tonic
Respiratory support
Spiritually uplifting
Applications:
Depression and melancholy
Grief and loss
Nervous exhaustion
Perfumery (highly valued)
Meditation
Blending: Middle note; blends with rose, jasmine, sandalwood, violet leaf, and citrus
Dilution: 0.5-1%; extremely potent and precious
Safety: Generally safe; limited data due to rarity
Cost: One of the most expensive essential oils ($300-600+ per 5ml)
Sustainability: Endangered in the wild; only use cultivated sources
The Mimosa and Acacia Family
Mimosa/Cassie Absolute (Acacia dealbata)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction
Aroma Profile: Floral, honey-like, green, powdery, woody; delicate and comforting
Origin: France, Egypt, Morocco
Key Chemical Components: Anisic aldehyde, methyl salicylate, farnesol, decanol
Therapeutic Properties:
Calming and grounding
Antiseptic
Astringent
Anti-inflammatory
Emotionally supportive
Applications:
Anxiety and nervousness
Oily or sensitive skin
Emotional hypersensitivity
Stress and tension
Perfumery
Emotional/Energetic Properties: Comforting and protective, helpful for those who feel vulnerable or emotionally raw. Creates a sense of safety.
Blending: Middle to base note; blends with violet, cassie, iris, rose, and woody oils
Dilution: 1-2%
Safety: May cause sensitivity in some individuals; generally safe
Cassie Absolute (Acacia farnesiana)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction
Aroma Profile: Powdery, violet-like, spicy-floral, warm; more intense than mimosa
Origin: Egypt, France, Morocco, India
Key Chemical Components: Farnesol, benzyl alcohol, methyl salicylate, geraniol
Therapeutic Properties:
Anti-inflammatory
Antiseptic
Astringent
Calming
Skin regenerating
Applications:
Mature or sensitive skin
Anxiety and stress
Perfumery (highly valued)
Emotional balance
Blending: Base note; blends with violet, iris, mimosa, rose, and sandalwood
Dilution: 1-2%
Safety: Generally safe; may cause sensitivity
The Violet and Iris Family
Violet Leaf Absolute (Viola odorata)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction
Aroma Profile: Green, leafy, fresh, cucumber-like, slightly floral; cool and soothing
Origin: Egypt, France, China
Key Chemical Components: 2,6-nonadienal (violet leaf aldehyde), hexenyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol
Therapeutic Properties:
Anti-inflammatory
Antioxidant
Lymphatic decongestant
Skin soothing
Emotionally calming
Applications:
Inflammatory skin conditions
Respiratory congestion
Lymphatic congestion
Anxiety and stress
Perfumery (green notes)
Note: Violet leaf is from the leaves, not the flowers. Violet flower absolute is extremely rare and expensive.
Dilution: 1-2%
Safety: Generally safe
Orris/Iris Root Absolute (Iris pallida, Iris germanica)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction from aged rhizomes (roots)
Aroma Profile: Powdery, woody-floral, violet-like, delicate, sophisticated; the epitome of elegance
Origin: Italy (Florence primarily), Morocco
Key Chemical Components: Irones (alpha, beta, gamma), myristic acid
Therapeutic Properties:
Skin regenerating
Anti-inflammatory
Fixative in perfumery
Emotionally centering
Applications:
Primarily perfumery
Mature or damaged skin
Emotional grounding
Luxury skincare
Production Note: Rhizomes must be aged 3-5 years before extraction to develop the characteristic irone compounds. This makes orris one of the most expensive aromatics.
Dilution: 0.5-1%
Safety: Generally safe; very expensive limits use
Cost: Extraordinarily expensive ($500-1000+ per 5ml) due to aging process and low yield
The Honeysuckle and Climbing Flowers
Honeysuckle Absolute (Lonicera caprifolium, Lonicera japonica)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction (rare); most "honeysuckle" oils are synthetic
Aroma Profile: Sweet, honey-like, nectar-like, green; reminiscent of summer gardens
Therapeutic Properties:
Anti-inflammatory
Antiviral (in TCM)
Calming
Skin soothing
Applications:
Limited therapeutic use due to rarity
Perfumery
Emotional comfort
Availability Note: True honeysuckle absolute is extremely rare and expensive. Most honeysuckle aromatics are reconstructions or synthetic.
Traditional Use: In Traditional Chinese Medicine, honeysuckle (jin yin hua) is used as an antiviral and anti-inflammatory herb.
Dilution: 1-2% if available
Safety: Limited data; generally considered safe
The Carnation and Spicy Flowers
Carnation Absolute (Dianthus caryophyllus)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction (rare)
Aroma Profile: Spicy, clove-like, warm, floral, slightly powdery
Origin: France (Grasse—historical), Morocco, China
Key Chemical Components: Eugenol, benzyl benzoate, benzyl salicylate
Therapeutic Properties:
Anti-inflammatory
Antimicrobial
Emotionally warming
Aphrodisiac
Applications:
Primarily perfumery (rare in therapy)
Emotional coldness
Muscle tension
Skin care
Historical Note: Once a major perfumery ingredient in Grasse, France, now extremely rare in natural form.
Dilution: 1-2%
Safety: High eugenol content may cause skin irritation; patch test
Availability: Genuine carnation absolute is nearly impossible to find; most are synthetic reconstructions
The Lilac and Spring Flowers
Lilac Absolute (Syringa vulgaris)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction (extremely rare)
Aroma Profile: Sweet, fresh, green-floral, nostalgic; the essence of spring
Therapeutic Properties:
Antidepressant
Emotionally uplifting
Memory-evoking
Applications:
Depression and sadness
Emotional heaviness
Perfumery
Availability: True lilac absolute is almost impossible to obtain commercially. Most lilac scents are synthetic recreations.
Dilution: 1-2% if available
Safety: Limited data
The Hyacinth and Bulb Flowers
Hyacinth Absolute (Hyacinthus orientalis)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction (rare)
Aroma Profile: Intensely sweet, green, fresh-floral; powerful and spring-like
Origin: France (historically), Morocco
Therapeutic Properties:
Stress relief
Uplifting
Anxiety reduction
Applications:
Primarily perfumery due to rarity
Emotional support
Stress-related conditions
Availability: Genuine hyacinth absolute is very rare and expensive
Dilution: 0.5-1%
Safety: May cause headaches due to intensity; limited safety data
The Narcissus and Jonquil Family
Narcissus/Jonquil Absolute (Narcissus poeticus, Narcissus jonquilla)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction
Aroma Profile: Intensely sweet, hay-like, herbaceous, narcotic; heady and powerful
Origin: France, Egypt, Morocco
Key Chemical Components: Benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, indole, eugenol
Therapeutic Properties:
Antispasmodic
Sedative
Aphrodisiac
Emotionally opening
Applications:
Muscle spasms and tension
Insomnia
Perfumery
Spiritual work
Safety: Can cause headaches and nausea due to intensity. Use in very low dilutions. May be neurotoxic in high doses—avoid during pregnancy.
Dilution: 0.5-1%; extremely potent
Mythology: Named after the Greek myth of Narcissus, associated with self-love and reflection
The Gardenia Family
Gardenia Absolute (Gardenia jasminoides)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction (rare)
Aroma Profile: Intensely sweet, rich, creamy, jasmine-like, narcotic
Origin: China, India
Therapeutic Properties:
Antidepressant
Aphrodisiac
Anxiolytic
Spiritually uplifting
Applications:
Depression and emotional heaviness
Anxiety
Low libido
Perfumery
Spiritual practices
Traditional Use: In Traditional Chinese Medicine, gardenia fruit (not flower) is used as anti-inflammatory and for liver support.
Availability: True gardenia flower absolute is extremely rare and expensive
Dilution: 0.5-1%
Safety: Limited safety data; may cause sensitivity
The Marigold and Calendula Family
Calendula/Marigold CO2 Extract (Calendula officinalis)
Extraction Method: CO2 extraction or infused oil (not steam distilled)
Aroma Profile: Earthy, herbaceous, subtle floral, slightly bitter
Origin: Europe, Egypt, USA
Key Chemical Components:
Triterpene saponins
Flavonoids (calendulin, rutin)
Carotenoids
Essential oil components: alpha-cadinol, T-cadinol
Therapeutic Properties:
Exceptionally anti-inflammatory
Vulnerary (wound-healing)
Antifungal and antimicrobial
Lymphatic stimulant
Emmenagogue
Choleretic (promotes bile flow)
Applications:
Cuts, scrapes, wounds
Burns and sunburns
Eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis
Diaper rash and cradle cap
Fungal infections (athlete's foot, ringworm, candida)
Varicose veins and broken capillaries
Lymphatic congestion
Scar tissue
Emotional Applications:
Energetic protection and boundary support
Helpful for sensitive individuals who absorb others' emotions
Forms Available:
Infused oil: Most common and traditional—dried flowers macerated in carrier oil
CO2 extract: Concentrated; must be diluted significantly
Tincture: For internal use (not aromatherapy)
Dilution:
Infused oil: Can use neat (100%)
CO2 extract: 0.5-2% in carrier oil
Safety: Very safe for all ages including babies (over 3 months). Rare allergic reactions in those sensitive to Asteraceae family. May stimulate menstruation—caution in pregnancy.
Clinical Note: One of the safest and most effective oils for children and sensitive skin conditions.
Tagetes (Tagetes minuta, Tagetes patula)
Extraction Method: Steam distillation
Aroma Profile: Intense, fruity, green, somewhat unpleasant; powerful and distinctive
Origin: Africa, France, India, South America
Key Chemical Components:
Ocimene
Tagetone
Limonene
Myrcene
Therapeutic Properties:
Antifungal (very potent)
Antiparasitic
Insecticidal
Wound-healing
Mucolytic
Applications:
Fungal infections (athlete's foot, ringworm)
Corns, calluses, bunions
Warts
Parasitic skin conditions
Respiratory mucus
Insect repellent
Safety: PHOTOTOXIC—avoid sun exposure for 12+ hours after topical application. Skin irritant in high concentrations. Not suitable for children or pregnancy. Potential sensitization.
Dilution: 0.5-1%; very potent
Important: Often confused with calendula; they are completely different plants with different properties and safety profiles.
The Linden and Tree Flowers
Linden Blossom Absolute (Tilia europaea, Tilia cordata)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction
Aroma Profile: Sweet, honey-like, hay-like, warm, comforting
Origin: France, Eastern Europe
Key Chemical Components: Farnesol, phenylethyl alcohol, eugenol
Therapeutic Properties:
Sedative and nervine
Antispasmodic
Hypotensive
Diaphoretic (promotes sweating)
Emotionally calming
Applications:
Anxiety and nervous tension
Insomnia
High blood pressure
Stress headaches
Fever (as herb tea traditionally)
Perfumery
Traditional Use: Linden flower tea (tilleul) is a beloved European remedy for insomnia, anxiety, and colds.
Dilution: 1-2%
Safety: Generally safe; rare sensitivity
Acacia/Mimosa/Wattle (Australian) (Acacia pycnantha)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction (absolute)
Aroma Profile: Green, violet-like, woody-floral, honey-like
Origin: Australia
Key Chemical Components: Similar to other acacias—anisic aldehyde, farnesol
Therapeutic Properties:
Anti-inflammatory
Emotionally soothing
Skin healing
Applications:
Sensitive or irritated skin
Anxiety
Perfumery
National Significance: Golden wattle is Australia's national flower
Dilution: 1-2%
Safety: Generally safe
The Elderflower Family
Elderflower Absolute (Sambucus nigra)
Extraction Method: Solvent extraction (rare)
Aroma Profile: Sweet, fruity, muscatel-grape-like, delicate
Origin: Europe
Therapeutic Properties:
Anti-inflammatory
Antiviral (in herbal form)
Diaphoretic
Respiratory support
Applications:
Primarily used as herbal extract/tea rather than essential oil
When available as absolute: skin care, perfumery
Respiratory support
Traditional Use: Elderflower cordial and tea are traditional European remedies for colds, flu, and hay fever
Availability: Essential oil/absolute is very rare; elderflower is primarily used as herbal preparation
Dilution: 1-2% if available
Safety: Generally safe; do not confuse with other elder species which may be toxic
The Hawthorn Family
Hawthorn Flower (Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus oxycantha)
Extraction Method: Rarely extracted; primarily used as herbal tincture/extract
Aroma Profile: Delicate, slightly fishy (trimethylamine), floral
Therapeutic Properties (as herb):
Cardiotonic (strengthens heart)
Hypotensive
Anxiolytic
Antispasmodic
Traditional Use: Extensively used in herbal medicine for heart conditions, high blood pressure, and anxiety
Note: Not commonly available as essential oil; therapeutic use is primarily as herbal preparation
The Clove and Flower Buds
Clove Bud (Syzygium aromaticum)
Extraction Method: Steam distillation
Note: While technically a flower bud, included here for completeness
Aroma Profile: Warm, spicy, sweet, powerful, characteristic clove scent
Origin: Madagascar, Indonesia, Sri Lanka
Key Chemical Components:
Eugenol (75-88%)
Eugenyl acetate
Beta-caryophyllene
Therapeutic Properties:
Powerful analgesic (especially dental pain)
Antimicrobial and antifungal
Antiviral
Warming and stimulating
Antioxidant
Parasitic
Applications:
Toothache and dental pain
Arthritis and rheumatism
Fungal infections
Digestive weakness
Immune support
Respiratory infections
Muscle pain
Dilution: 0.5-1%; very potent and potentially irritating
Safety: DERMAL IRRITANT and SENSITIZER—always dilute heavily. Avoid during pregnancy and with children under 10. May interact with blood-thinning medications. Can irritate mucous membranes.
Application: For toothache: 1 drop in 5ml carrier, apply to cotton swab, place on affected area temporarily
Practical Application Guide
Blending Principles for Floral Oils
Creating Balanced Floral Blends:
Top Notes (20-30%): Citrus, neroli, petitgrain
Middle Notes (40-60%): Rose, lavender, geranium, chamomile
Base Notes (20-30%): Jasmine, ylang ylang, sandalwood, vetiver
Floral Synergies:
Rose + Geranium + Lavender: Hormone balance and emotional support
Neroli + Rose + Sandalwood: Anxiety and heart healing
Jasmine + Ylang Ylang + Sandalwood: Sensuality and confidence
Chamomile + Lavender + Helichrysum: Inflammatory skin conditions
Rose + Frankincense + Helichrysum: Anti-aging and scar healing
Carrier Oil Selection for Florals
Best Carriers for Floral Essential Oils:
Jojoba: Non-greasy, long shelf life, all skin types
Rose hip seed: Regenerative, anti-aging, mature skin
Evening primrose: Hormonal skin issues, mature skin
Apricot kernel: Light, silky, facial use
Sweet almond: Versatile, affordable, body use
Coconut (fractionated): Light, non-greasy, massage
Argan: Anti-aging, dry skin, hair care
Application Methods
Topical Application:
Always dilute (except lavender and helichrysum in specific instances)
Patch test new oils
Apply to pulse points for emotional effects
Massage into affected areas for physical issues
Aromatic/Inhalation:
Diffuser: 3-6 drops total for 400ml diffuser
Personal inhaler: 10-15 drops on cotton wick
Steam inhalation: 2-3 drops in bowl of hot water
Tissue/handkerchief: 1-2 drops, inhale as needed
Bath:
Disperse in carrier oil, milk, or bath dispersant first
4-8 drops maximum in full bath
Never add undiluted oils directly to bath water
Compress:
Hot or cold compress
3-5 drops in bowl of water
Soak cloth, wring, apply
Safety Guidelines by Population
Pregnancy:
First trimester: Avoid most essential oils; safe choices include lavender (1%), neroli, mandarin
Second/Third trimester: Lavender, neroli, chamomile, rose (all at 1-2%)
Avoid: Clary sage, jasmine (until labor), geranium (high doses), clove, tagetes
Babies (3-12 months):
Lavender, Roman chamomile, neroli (0.25-0.5% dilution)
Avoid all others
Children (1-10 years):
Safe: Lavender, Roman chamomile, neroli, rose, geranium (1-2% dilution)
Avoid: High camphor/cineole oils, clove, tagetes, strong florals
Elderly:
Use 1-3% dilutions
Particularly beneficial: Rose, lavender, neroli, helichrysum
Monitor for skin sensitivity
Medical Conditions:
Epilepsy: Avoid high camphor oils (spike lavender, some rosemary types)
High blood pressure: Use ylang ylang, lavender cautiously; avoid rosemary
Low blood pressure: Avoid ylang ylang
Hormone-sensitive conditions: Use caution with geranium, clary sage, fennel
Blood thinners: Avoid clove, helichrysum in therapeutic doses
Storage and Shelf Life
Proper Storage:
Dark glass bottles (amber or cobalt blue)
Cool, dark location (not bathroom or kitchen)
Tightly sealed caps
Away from children and pets
Label clearly with date opened
Shelf Life:
Citrus (including neroli): 1-2 years
Most florals (rose, lavender, chamomile): 2-3 years
Absolutes (jasmine, tuberose, rose absolute): 3-5 years
Heavier florals/base notes: 4-6 years
In dilution: 6-12 months depending on carrier oil
Signs of Oxidation:
Changed aroma (less pleasant, sharper)
Color change
Increased viscosity
Increased risk of skin sensitization
Dilution Calculator
Drops per Dilution Percentage:
For 30ml (1 oz) carrier:
0.5%: 3 drops
1%: 6 drops
2%: 12 drops
3%: 18 drops
5%: 30 drops
10%: 60 drops
For 10ml carrier:
1%: 2 drops
2%: 4 drops
3%: 6 drops
5%: 10 drops
Note: 1ml ≈ 20 drops (varies slightly by oil viscosity)
Therapeutic Protocols
Anxiety and Panic Protocol
Acute Anxiety Blend:
Neroli: 3 drops
Lavender: 4 drops
Roman chamomile: 2 drops
Frankincense: 1 drop
In 10ml jojoba oil (3% dilution)
Apply to wrists, temples, and chest. Inhale deeply. Use personal inhaler for on-the-go support.
Depression Support Blend
Uplifting Heart Blend:
Rose otto: 2 drops
Jasmine absolute: 1 drop
Bergamot FCF: 4 drops
Neroli: 2 drops
In 10ml carrier (3% dilution)
Apply to heart area and wrists morning and evening. Diffuse during daytime.
Insomnia Protocol
Deep Sleep Blend:
Lavender: 4 drops
Roman chamomile: 2 drops
Neroli: 2 drops
Ylang ylang: 1 drop
In 10ml carrier (3% dilution)
Massage into feet and solar plexus 30 minutes before bed. Diffuse in bedroom 1 hour before sleep.
Hormonal Balance Protocol
PMS/Menopause Blend:
Geranium: 3 drops
Clary sage: 3 drops
Rose otto: 2 drops
Lavender: 2 drops
In 30ml evening primrose oil (1.5% dilution)
Massage into lower abdomen and lower back twice daily during symptomatic periods.
Anti-Aging Facial Serum
Age-Defying Blend:
Rose otto: 4 drops
Neroli: 3 drops
Helichrysum: 2 drops
Frankincense: 3 drops
In 30ml rose hip seed oil (2% dilution)
Apply 2-3 drops to clean, damp face morning and evening.
Scar Healing Protocol
Scar Treatment Oil:
Helichrysum: 8 drops
Rose otto: 4 drops
Frankincense: 6 drops
Lavender: 6 drops
In 30ml rose hip seed + jojoba blend (4% dilution)
Apply to scar tissue 2-3 times daily. Can increase to 10% for localized treatment of old scars.
Trauma and Grief Support
Heart Healing Anointing Oil:
Rose absolute: 2 drops
Neroli: 3 drops
Frankincense: 3 drops
Helichrysum: 1 drop
Sandalwood: 1 drop
In 10ml jojoba (3% dilution)
Anoint heart area with intention. Use during meditation, therapy, or grief processing.
Aromatic Profiles by Therapeutic Category
Best Florals for Anxiety
Neroli (acute panic)
Lavender (general anxiety)
Roman chamomile (anxiety with irritability)
Rose (anxiety with grief)
Ylang ylang (anxiety with palpitations)
Best Florals for Depression
Jasmine (severe depression, apathy)
Rose (depression with grief)
Neroli (depression with anxiety)
Ylang ylang (depression with low mood)
Osmanthus (depression with emotional blockage)
Best Florals for Sleep
Lavender (universal insomnia)
Roman chamomile (restless insomnia)
Neroli (insomnia with racing thoughts)
Tuberose (severe insomnia)
Ylang ylang (insomnia with tension)
Best Florals for Skin Healing
Helichrysum (scars, bruises)
German chamomile (inflammation)
Rose (regeneration, aging)
Lavender (wounds, burns)
Calendula (general healing)
Best Florals for Hormone Balance
Geranium (PMS, menopause)
Rose (reproductive health)
Clary sage (hormone regulation)
Jasmine (libido, fertility)
Ylang ylang (hormonal stress)
Best Florals for Spiritual Work
Lotus (enlightenment)
Rose (heart opening)
Jasmine (spiritual joy)
Neroli (spiritual anxiety)
Frankincense (meditation—resin but often combined)
Energetic and Chakra Associations
Root Chakra (Muladhara)
Vetiver (technically grass but often included)
Patchouli (not flower but grounding)
Sacral Chakra (Svadhisthana)
Jasmine
Ylang ylang
Neroli
Sweet orange blossom
Solar Plexus (Manipura)
Chamomile
Helichrysum
Calendula
Heart Chakra (Anahata)
Rose (primary heart chakra oil)
Neroli
Jasmine
Geranium
Ylang ylang
Magnolia
Throat Chakra (Vishuddha)
Chamomile (blue)
Lavender
Third Eye (Ajna)
Helichrysum
Clary sage
Jasmine
Crown Chakra (Sahasrara)
Lotus
Rose
Jasmine
Neroli
Frankincense (resin—often combined with florals)
Historical and Cultural Context
Ancient Egypt
Blue Lotus: Sacred flower, used in spiritual ceremonies, depicted in tomb paintings
Rose: Used in perfumes, cosmetics, and religious rituals
Jasmine: Cleopatra reportedly used jasmine to scent her sails
Calendula: Used medicinally for wounds and skin conditions
Ancient Greece and Rome
Rose: Sacred to Aphrodite/Venus; used extensively in celebrations, medicine, and cosmetics
Lavender: Romans used for bathing (lavare = to wash)
Violet: Associated with death and mourning; used in funeral rites
Narcissus: Named from Greek mythology; used in perfumery
India and Ayurveda
Jasmine: Sacred temple flower; cooling to Pitta dosha
Rose: Cooling, heart-opening; used in rose water and gulkand
Champaca: Offered to deities; associated with devotion
Lotus: Symbol of spiritual enlightenment; sacred to Lakshmi and Buddha
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Jasmine: Used to harmonize liver qi; antidepressant properties
Osmanthus: Lung tonic; used in teas and wines
Rose: Moves blood and qi; used for menstrual issues
Honeysuckle: Jin yin hua; powerful antiviral and anti-inflammatory
European Herbalism
Lavender: Panacea herb; used for countless ailments
Chamomile: Universal children's remedy
Rose: Associated with Virgin Mary; used medicinally and cosmetically
Calendula: Wound herb par excellence
Elderflower: Traditional cold and flu remedy
Linden: Beloved nervine and sleep aid
Middle Eastern Traditions
Rose: Rose water used extensively in cooking, medicine, and religious purification
Orange blossom: Used in wedding ceremonies and celebrations
Jasmine: Night-blooming flowers gathered for attar production
Perfumery and Floral Notes
Classic Perfume Structures Using Florals
Floral Bouquet:
Rose, jasmine, ylang ylang, neroli, geranium
Example inspiration: Joy by Jean Patou
Green Floral:
Violet leaf, galbanum, narcissus, hyacinth
Fresh, spring-like character
Oriental Floral:
Jasmine, ylang ylang, rose, spices, vanilla, resins
Rich, warm, sensual
Aldehydic Floral:
Rose, jasmine, neroli, ylang ylang with aldehydes (synthetic)
Example inspiration: Chanel No. 5
Powdery Floral:
Violet, iris, mimosa, heliotrope, rose
Soft, nostalgic, vintage character
Aquatic Floral:
Water lily, lotus, neroli, citrus
Modern, fresh, ozonic
Building Natural Perfumes with Florals
Base Notes (20-30%):
Rose absolute, jasmine absolute, ylang ylang extra, tuberose, orris
Middle/Heart Notes (40-50%):
Rose otto, neroli, geranium, lavender, chamomile, osmanthus
Top Notes (20-30%):
Neroli, petitgrain, lavender, bergamot, citrus
Fixatives:
Orris root, rose absolute, jasmine absolute
Natural fixatives: benzoin, labdanum, sandalwood, vetiver
Perfume Dilution Guidelines
Eau de Parfum (15-20% concentration):
15-20 drops per 10ml perfume alcohol or jojoba
Eau de Toilette (5-15% concentration):
5-15 drops per 10ml
Cologne (2-5% concentration):
2-5 drops per 10ml
Solid Perfume:
3-10% essential oil in beeswax/carrier base
Growing and Harvesting Aromatherapy Flowers
Best Practices for Home Cultivation
Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia):
Full sun, well-drained soil
Harvest just as flowers open, mid-morning after dew dries
Cut stems 2-3 inches below flower head
Dry in bundles, hanging upside down
Can make infused oils or hydrosols at home
Rose (Rosa damascena, Rosa gallica):
Full sun, good air circulation
Harvest early morning as flowers open
Best fragrance in fresh flowers; can make rose water or infused oils
Petals can be dried for potpourri
Calendula (Calendula officinalis):
Easy to grow from seed
Full sun, regular watering
Harvest flower heads when fully open
Dry completely before making infused oils
Excellent for beginner herbalists
Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla, Chamaemelum nobile):
German chamomile: annual, self-seeds
Roman chamomile: perennial, ground cover
Harvest flower heads when fully open
Dry for tea; infused oils are simple to make
Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens):
Tender perennial, bring inside in winter
Part sun to full sun
Leaves are aromatic; can make infused oils
True essential oil requires distillation equipment
Home Infusion Methods
Solar Infusion (Mild Heat):
Fill jar with fresh or dried flowers
Cover completely with carrier oil (jojoba, olive, sweet almond)
Place in sunny windowsill for 2-4 weeks
Shake daily
Strain through cheesecloth
Store in dark glass bottle
Gentle Heat Infusion (Faster):
Fill jar with dried flowers and carrier oil
Place jar in pot of water (double boiler method)
Heat on lowest setting for 3-6 hours
Strain and bottle
Best Flowers for Home Infusion:
Calendula
Chamomile
Rose petals
Lavender
St. John's Wort (hypericum—technically not covered here)
Making Your Own Floral Hydrosols
What are Hydrosols? Hydrosols (also called floral waters or hydrolats) are the water byproduct of steam distillation. They contain water-soluble aromatic compounds and trace essential oils.
Popular Floral Hydrosols:
Rose water
Orange blossom water (neroli hydrosol)
Lavender water
Chamomile water
Geranium water
Therapeutic Uses of Hydrosols:
Gentle enough for babies and sensitive skin
Facial toners and mists
Room sprays
Linen sprays
Compress water
Added to baths
Culinary use (rose water, orange blossom water)
Home Distillation: Requires a copper or stainless steel still or improvised distillation setup. Not as concentrated as commercial hydrosols but still beneficial.
Using Store-Bought Hydrosols:
Ensure no added ingredients (preservatives, fragrance)
Store in refrigerator after opening
Shelf life: 6-12 months refrigerated
Use within 3 months once opened at room temperature
Adulteration and Quality Concerns
Most Commonly Adulterated Floral Oils
Rose Otto:
Adulterated with: Geranium, palmarosa, synthetic geraniol
How to detect: Price (if too cheap, suspect), GC/MS analysis
Pure rose should cost $80-300+ per 5ml
Jasmine Absolute:
Adulterated with: Synthetic benzyl acetate, other florals
True jasmine absolute is very expensive ($100-400+ per 5ml)
Neroli:
Adulterated with: Petitgrain, synthetic linalool
Pure neroli: $80-200+ per 5ml
Lavender:
Often lavandin or spike lavender sold as true lavender
May contain synthetic linalool or linalyl acetate
Check botanical name: Must be Lavandula angustifolia
Ylang Ylang:
Fractions misrepresented
Adulteration with synthetic components
Should specify "Complete" or which fraction (Extra, I, II, III)
Lotus, Lilac, Honeysuckle, Gardenia:
Often entirely synthetic
True absolutes are extremely rare and expensive
If price seems reasonable, it's likely synthetic
Ensuring Quality
Purchase from Reputable Suppliers:
Look for companies that provide GC/MS reports
Batch-specific testing
Transparent sourcing information
Appropriate pricing
Red Flags:
All oils same price
Very low prices on expensive oils
No botanical names listed
Claims like "therapeutic grade" (meaningless marketing term)
No safety information provided
Good Practices:
Buy from aromatherapy-specific suppliers
Check for batch numbers
Request GC/MS reports
Start with small amounts of expensive oils
Build relationship with trusted suppliers
Recommended Testing:
Organoleptic (smell and appearance)
GC/MS analysis (chemical composition)
Optical rotation
Refractive index
Specific gravity
Sustainability and Ethical Considerations
Endangered and Threatened Species
Use Caution/Avoid:
Sandalwood (Santalum album): Endangered in wild; only buy from certified sustainable plantations
Rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora): Over-harvested; choose rosewood from sustainable sources or alternatives
Agarwood/Oud: Endangered; ensure sustainable/cultivated sources
Boronia: Threatened in wild
Some orchid species: Wild collection threatens populations
Sustainable Alternatives
Instead of Endangered Sandalwood:
Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum)
Amyris (Amyris balsamifera—not same but woody)
Instead of Rosewood:
Ho wood (Cinnamomum camphora ct. linalool)
Supporting Sustainable Practices
Look For:
Organic certification
Fair trade certification
Sustainability certifications
Direct trade relationships
Detailed sourcing information
Questions to Ask Suppliers:
Where are flowers grown?
Are they wild-harvested or cultivated?
How are workers compensated?
What environmental practices are followed?
Are any endangered species involved?
Water and Resource Intensity
High Resource Use:
Rose: 60+ roses per drop
Jasmine: 8,000 flowers per kilogram
Neroli: 1,000 pounds flowers per pound oil
Tuberose: Extremely labor-intensive night harvest
Using Precious Oils Mindfully:
Don't diffuse expensive oils—use for direct therapeutic application
Consider hydrosols as alternatives
Blend expensive oils with more affordable ones
Use minimal amounts in therapeutic formulations
Reserve precious oils for emotional/spiritual work where they're irreplaceable
Case Studies: Floral Aromatherapy in Practice
Case Study 1: Anxiety and Panic Disorder
Client Profile: 34-year-old woman, panic attacks, generalized anxiety, insomnia
Protocol:
Daily massage oil: Neroli 3 drops, lavender 4 drops, Roman chamomile 2 drops in 30ml jojoba (1.5%)
Personal inhaler: Neroli 8 drops, frankincense 4 drops, lavender 6 drops
Diffuser blend: Lavender, neroli, bergamot FCF during evening
Results: After 4 weeks, panic attacks decreased from daily to 2-3x per week. Sleep improved significantly. After 12 weeks, panic attacks rare, generalized anxiety much reduced.
Case Study 2: Hormonal Acne and PMS
Client Profile: 28-year-old woman, severe hormonal acne, painful PMS, irregular cycles
Protocol:
Facial serum: Rose otto 2 drops, geranium 2 drops, lavender 2 drops, German chamomile 1 drop in 30ml rose hip seed oil (1%)
Body massage oil: Geranium 4 drops, clary sage 3 drops, lavender 3 drops in 30ml evening primrose oil (1.5%)
Application: Facial serum daily; body oil massaged into abdomen days 14-28 of cycle
Results: After 2 cycles, acne improved 40%. After 4 cycles, significant improvement in acne (70% reduction), PMS pain reduced, cycles more regular.
Case Study 3: Grief and Bereavement
Client Profile: 52-year-old man, loss of spouse, complicated grief, depression, insomnia
Protocol:
Heart anointing oil: Rose absolute 2 drops, neroli 3 drops, frankincense 3 drops, helichrysum 1 drop in 10ml jojoba (3%)
Bath oil: Rose, lavender, neroli in dispersant, 2-3x weekly
Personal inhaler: Rose, neroli, bergamot
Results: Gradual emotional opening over 8 weeks. Better able to process grief. Sleep improved. Depression lifted somewhat. Continued use for 6 months with good support.
Case Study 4: Post-Surgical Scarring
Client Profile: 45-year-old woman, abdominal surgery, keloid scarring tendency
Protocol:
Scar oil: Helichrysum 8 drops, rose otto 4 drops, frankincense 6 drops, lavender 6 drops in 30ml rose hip seed oil (4%)
Application: 2-3x daily to healed scar tissue, beginning 2 weeks post-surgery
Results: Minimal scar tissue formation. Scar remained flat and faded significantly. Compared to previous surgery scars, dramatic improvement.
Case Study 5: Perimenopause Symptoms
Client Profile: 48-year-old woman, hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings, insomnia
Protocol:
Daily massage oil: Geranium 4 drops, clary sage 3 drops, rose otto 2 drops, lavender 3 drops in 30ml evening primrose oil (2%)
Cooling spray: Peppermint hydrosol with 1% rose and geranium
Sleep blend: Lavender, Roman chamomile, neroli diffused nightly
Results: Hot flashes reduced by 60% after 6 weeks. Mood more stable. Sleep improved. Continued protocol for 1+ years through menopause transition.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: Can I use essential oils neat (undiluted) on skin? A: Generally no. Only lavender and helichrysum are recommended for neat application in specific circumstances (burns, bruises). All other oils should be diluted to prevent sensitization and irritation.
Q: Are essential oils safe during pregnancy? A: Some are, most should be avoided or used cautiously. Safe options at 1% dilution: lavender, neroli, Roman chamomile (after first trimester). Avoid: clary sage, jasmine (until labor), geranium, tagetes, and most others. Always consult with a qualified aromatherapist and healthcare provider.
Q: Can I ingest essential oils? A: This guide does not recommend internal use. While some practitioners support internal use, it requires specialized training and medical supervision. Aromatherapy traditionally emphasizes topical and aromatic use.
Q: Why are some floral oils so expensive? A: Yield is extremely low. Rose requires 60+ roses per drop. Jasmine requires 8,000 flowers per kilogram. Labor is intensive (night-picking for jasmine). If price seems too good to be true, oil is likely adulterated or synthetic.
Q: How long do essential oils last? A: Varies by oil. Citrus: 1-2 years. Most florals: 2-3 years. Absolutes: 3-5 years. Once diluted in carrier oil: 6-12 months depending on carrier. Store properly in dark glass away from heat and light.
Q: Can I use essential oils on children? A: Some oils are safe for children over 3 months. Best choices: lavender, Roman chamomile, neroli at 0.25-1% dilution depending on age. Avoid most other oils until age 6+. Never use on infants under 3 months without professional guidance.
Q: What's the difference between essential oil and absolute? A: Essential oils are steam distilled. Absolutes are solvent-extracted, capturing heavier aromatic molecules that heat would destroy. Absolutes are more true to the living flower but contain trace solvents. Both are therapeutic.
Q: Can essential oils help with serious mental health conditions? A: Aromatherapy is complementary, not replacement therapy. Florals can support treatment for anxiety, depression, and PTSD but should never replace professional mental health care, therapy, or medication.
Q: My essential oil smells different than before. Is it bad? A: Possibly. Oils can oxidize over time, changing their aroma and becoming more likely to cause skin irritation. Check storage conditions and age. When in doubt, replace.
Q: Can I mix essential oils from different suppliers? A: Yes, as long as both are pure and properly sourced. Quality should be consistent.
Q: Do therapeutic grade, certified pure, or similar claims mean anything? A: No. These are marketing terms, not official certifications. Look for GC/MS testing, botanical names, and reputable suppliers instead.
Q: Can I become allergic to essential oils? A: Yes. Repeated exposure to undiluted oils or high concentrations can cause sensitization. Once sensitized, reactions can be severe. Always dilute properly and rotate oils.
Q: What's the best way to test if I'm sensitive to an oil? A: Patch test. Dilute oil at intended use concentration. Apply small amount to inner elbow. Wait 24 hours. If redness, itching, or irritation occurs, don't use that oil.
Resources for Continued Learning
Recommended Books
Foundational Texts:
"The Complete Guide to Aromatherapy" by Salvatore Battaglia
"Essential Oil Safety" by Robert Tisserand and Rodney Young
"The Aromatherapy Bible" by Gill Farrer-Halls
"Medical Aromatherapy" by Kurt Schnaubelt
Specialized Floral Focus:
"Essence and Alchemy" by Mandy Aftel (perfumery)
"The Heart of Aromatherapy" by Andrea Butje
"Rose" by Jeanne Rose (monograph)
Energetic/Spiritual Aromatherapy:
"The Energetics of Western Herbs" by Peter Holmes
"Aromatherapy for the Soul" by Valerie Ann Worwood
Professional Organizations
International:
National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy (NAHA) - USA
International Federation of Aromatherapists (IFA) - UK
Alliance of International Aromatherapists (AIA) - International
Aromatherapy Registration Council (ARC) - USA
Certification Programs: Many organizations offer aromatherapy certification, typically 200+ hours of study.
Reputable Suppliers (Examples)
Note: This is not an exhaustive or endorsed list, but examples of companies known for quality:
Essential oil suppliers specializing in therapeutic-grade oils
Companies providing GC/MS reports
Organic and sustainable sources
Fair trade certified suppliers
Online Resources
Safety Information:
Tisserand Institute website
Essential Oil Safety Database
Continuing Education:
Aromatic Studies courses
Various online aromatherapy schools
Webinars from professional organizations
Conclusion
Floral essential oils represent the pinnacle of aromatic plant medicine, offering profound healing on physical, emotional, and spiritual levels. Their complexity—both chemically and energetically—makes them irreplaceable tools in holistic healthcare.
Key Takeaways:
Quality Matters: Invest in pure, properly sourced oils from reputable suppliers
Safety First: Always dilute appropriately, patch test, and respect contraindications
Less is More: Florals are potent; use minimal amounts for maximum benefit
Individualization: What works for one person may not work for another; experimentation is key
Holistic Approach: Aromatherapy works best as part of comprehensive self-care including diet, exercise, stress management, and professional healthcare when needed
Sustainability: Use precious oils mindfully and support ethical, sustainable production
Continued Learning: Aromatherapy is both art and science; ongoing education enhances practice
Final Florist Thoughts:
The journey into floral aromatherapy is lifelong. Each flower offers unique gifts, and developing relationships with these plant allies deepens over time. Whether you're drawn to the heart-opening properties of rose, the calming embrace of lavender, or the euphoric lift of jasmine, flowers provide medicine for body, mind, and spirit.
May this guide serve as a foundation for your exploration of these exquisite botanical treasures. Work with respect, gratitude, and wonder, and the flowers will reveal their wisdom.
